Capturing properties Overview of sensors
Thanks to semiconductors, even the smallest devices, such as smartwatches, accelerometers, motion sensors and capacitive touchscreens, are equipped with sensors. Sensors and proximity switches are absolutely indispensable in industry, as they protect people and machines.
What are sensors?
In general, "sensor" refers to any technical component that independently detects certain physical or chemical variables and properties in the environment or of objects. This can be temperature, brightness or acceleration, for example. In this sense, sensors are similar to our sensory organs - except that, unlike the latter, they also register things that would otherwise remain invisible or be too dangerous for humans. An important feature of sensors is the conversion of measurement data into signals or visual displays. These can then be interpreted meaningfully by a person or an electronic device. A sensor is therefore always a transducer, i.e. a device that converts one form of energy or impulse into another.
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How do sensors work?
There are a number of different types of sensors, each measuring a different physical quantity, both electronic and analogue. The most important types are described below. Firstly, it is sufficient to note that all sensors, regardless of the actual mode of operation, must have one characteristic: Linearity. The easiest way to demonstrate this characteristic is with the mercury thermometer. The thermometer shows physical changes in the detector material, in this case mercury, within the temperature ranges for which it is designed. The changes in the ambient temperature are directly proportional to changes in the measured object and can be easily read on a scale.
However, the liquid thermometer still lacks one important element: the conversion mentioned at the beginning. This comes into play with the more modern version, the digital thermometer. The temperature sensor of this measuring device also reacts more linearly in that temperature changes have a directly proportional effect on the output voltage, which provides the corresponding measurement result.
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